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<title>L source</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">L source</span></span>

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<p>In <a href="Textual_criticism_of_the_New_Testament" title="Textual criticism of the New Testament">textual criticism of the New Testament</a>, the <b>L source</b> is a hypothetical oral or textual tradition which <a href="Authorship_of_Luke%E2%80%93Acts" title="Authorship of Luke–Acts">the author of Luke–Acts</a> may have used when composing the <a href="Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Gospel of Luke</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5GIntro_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5GIntro-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Composition">Composition</h2></div>

<p>The question of how to explain the similarities among the Gospels Matthew, Mark, and Luke is known as the <a href="Synoptic_problem" class="mw-redirect" title="Synoptic problem">synoptic problem</a>. The hypothetical L source fits a contemporary solution in which Mark was the first gospel and Q was a written source for both Matthew and Luke. According to the <a href="Four-document_hypothesis" title="Four-document hypothesis">four-document hypothesis</a>, the author combined <a href="Mark's_Gospel" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark's Gospel">Mark</a>, the <a href="Q_source" title="Q source">Q source</a>, and L to produce his gospel.<sup id="cite_ref-5GIntro_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5GIntro-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The material in L, like that in M, probably comes from the oral tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-5GIntro_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5GIntro-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="I._Howard_Marshall" title="I. Howard Marshall">I. Howard Marshall</a> (1994) stated: "Luke rightly regarded these sources as reliable".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p><a href="James_R._Edwards" title="James R. Edwards">James R. Edwards</a> (2009) equated the L source with the <a href="Hebrew_Gospel_hypothesis" title="Hebrew Gospel hypothesis">Hebrew Gospel</a> referred to by <a href="Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">patristic authors</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Edwards_2009_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edwards_2009-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His thesis has not been accepted by other scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contents">Contents</h2></div>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Authorship_of_Luke%E2%80%93Acts#Language" title="Authorship of Luke–Acts">Authorship of Luke–Acts § Language</a></div>

<p>According to Honoré (1968), the unique material in the third Gospel (termed "L") amounted to 35% of that gospel.<sup id="cite_ref-Honoré_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Honoré-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Theissen (1998) went further, stating that the special material comprises nearly half of the Gospel of Luke.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>L includes the <a href="Annunciation" title="Annunciation">Annunciation</a>, the <a href="Visitation_(Christianity)" title="Visitation (Christianity)">Visitation</a>, the Lukan account of the <a href="Virgin_birth_of_Jesus" title="Virgin birth of Jesus">virgin birth of Jesus</a> (including the <a href="Adoration_of_the_Shepherds" title="Adoration of the Shepherds">Adoration of the Shepherds</a>, the <a href="Circumcision_of_Jesus" title="Circumcision of Jesus">Circumcision</a> and <a href="Presentation_of_Jesus_at_the_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Presentation of Jesus at the Temple">Presentation of Jesus at the Temple</a>), the <a href="Finding_in_the_Temple" title="Finding in the Temple">Finding in the Temple</a>, many <a href="Parables_of_Jesus" title="Parables of Jesus">parables of Jesus</a>, and <a href="Jesus_at_Herod's_court" title="Jesus at Herod's court">Jesus at Herod's court</a>. Like <a href="Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Matthew</a>'s unique source, known as <a href="M_source" title="M source">M</a>, the L source has several parables such as the <a href="Parable_of_the_Good_Samaritan" title="Parable of the Good Samaritan">Parable of the Good Samaritan</a> (Luke 10:25–37) and the <a href="Parable_of_the_Prodigal_Son" title="Parable of the Prodigal Son">Parable of the Prodigal Son</a> (Luke 15:11–32).<sup id="cite_ref-5GIntro_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5GIntro-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>According to <a href="E._Earle_Ellis" title="E. Earle Ellis">E. Earle Ellis</a> (1999), the L source material exhibits the highest prevalence of <a href="Semitism_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Semitism (linguistics)">Semitisms</a> <a href="Authorship_of_Luke%E2%80%93Acts" title="Authorship of Luke–Acts">within the Luke–Acts corpus</a>, so that Semitic sources were probably at the basis of L source verses such as Luke 1:5–2:40; 5:1–11; 7:11–17, 36–50; 8:1–3; 9:51–56; 11:27f.; 13:10–17; 14:1–6; 17:11–19; 19:1–10; 23:50–24:53.<sup id="cite_ref-Ellis_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ellis-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By contrast, the portions of the Gospel of Luke that parallel the contents of the Gospel of Mark represented 'a more polished Greek' than Mark's, and show fewer Hebraisms.<sup id="cite_ref-Ellis_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ellis-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Authorship_of_Luke%E2%80%93Acts" title="Authorship of Luke–Acts">Authorship of Luke–Acts</a></li>

<li><a href="Criterion_of_multiple_attestation" title="Criterion of multiple attestation">Criterion of multiple attestation</a></li>

<li><a href="Mary%2C_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary, mother of Jesus</a></li>

<li><a href="M_source" title="M source">M source</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Gospels" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Gospels">List of Gospels</a></li>

<li><a href="Marcion_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcion hypothesis">Marcion hypothesis</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFFunkHooverJesus_Seminar1993" class="citation book cs1">Funk, Robert Walter; Hoover, Roy W.; <a href="Jesus_Seminar" title="Jesus Seminar">Jesus Seminar</a> (1993). "Introduction". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fivegospelssearc0000unse"><i>The Five Gospels: The Search for the Authentic Words of Jesus. New Translation and Commentary</i></a>. HarperSanFrancisco. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>30. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-02-541949-0</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFJones2011" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Brice (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140531180933/https://wipfandstock.com/store/Matthean_and_Lukan_Special_Material_A_Brief_Introduction_with_Texts_in_Greek_and_English"><i>Matthean and Lukan Special Material: A Brief Introduction with Texts in Greek and English</i></a>. Wipf and Stock Publishers. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-61097-737-1</bdi>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wipfandstock.com/store/Matthean_and_Lukan_Special_Material_A_Brief_Introduction_with_Texts_in_Greek_and_English">the original</a> on 2014-05-31<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-02-01</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMarshall1994" class="citation book cs1">Marshall, I. Howard (1994). "LUKE. Introduction". In Carson, D. A.; et al. (eds.). <i>New Bible Commentary: 21st Century Edition</i>. Inter-Varsity Press. p. 979. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-85110-648-9</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Edwards_2009-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Edwards_2009_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFEdwards2009" class="citation book cs1">Edwards, James (2009). <i>The Hebrew Gospel and the development of the synoptic tradition</i>. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Eerdmans. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-8028-6234-1</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/368048433">368048433</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFFriedrichsen2010" class="citation journal cs1">Friedrichsen, Timothy A. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923193749/http://www.bookreviews.org/pdf/7382_8043.pdf">"Book review: The Hebrew Gospel and the Development of the Synoptic Tradition"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Review of Biblical Literature</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bookreviews.org/pdf/7382_8043.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2015-09-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-08-12</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSweeney2010" class="citation journal cs1">Sweeney, James P. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201027050954/https://www.bookreviews.org/pdf/7382_8044.pdf">"Book review: The Hebrew Gospel and the Development of the Synoptic Tradition"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Review of Biblical Literature</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bookreviews.org/pdf/7382_8044.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2020-10-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-08-12</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKloppenborg2011" class="citation journal cs1">Kloppenborg, John S. (2011-04-14). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/422277">"The Hebrew Gospel and the Development of the Synoptic Tradition (review)"</a></span>. <i>Toronto Journal of Theology</i>. <b>27</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">109–</span>111. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Ftjt.2011.0000">10.1353/tjt.2011.0000</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1918-6371">1918-6371</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144873030">144873030</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Honoré-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Honoré_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Honoré_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHonoré1968" class="citation journal cs1">Honoré, A.M. (1968). "A statistical study of the synoptic problem". <i>Novum Testamentum</i>. <b>10</b> (2/3): <span class="nowrap">95–</span>147. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1560364">10.2307/1560364</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1560364">1560364</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFTheissenMerz1998" class="citation book cs1">Theissen, Gerd; Merz, Annette (1998). "Chapter 2. Christian sources about Jesus.". <i>The Historical Jesus: A Comprehensive Guide</i>. Translated from German (1996 edition). Fortress Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-8006-3123-9</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Ellis-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ellis_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ellis_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFEllis1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="E._Earle_Ellis" title="E. Earle Ellis">Ellis, E. Earle</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/downloadpdf/book/9789004496842/back-3.pdf">"The Origin and Making of Luke-Acts"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Making of the New Testament Documents</i>. Leiden: Brill. pp. <span class="nowrap">387–</span>388. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780391041684</bdi>.</cite> (PDF)</span>

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</ol></div></div>

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</style><div id="Gospel_of_Luke112" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Gospel of Luke</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a><br>(<a href="New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chapters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Verses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Annunciation" title="Annunciation">Annunciation to Mary</a>, <a href="Visitation_(Christianity)" title="Visitation (Christianity)">Elizabeth</a>, <a href="Annunciation_to_the_shepherds" title="Annunciation to the shepherds">and the shepherds</a></li>

<li><a href="Adoration_of_the_Shepherds" title="Adoration of the Shepherds">Adoration of shepherds</a></li>

<li><a href="Nativity_of_Saint_John_the_Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Nativity of Saint John the Baptist">John the Baptist's Birth</a></li>

<li><a href="Census_of_Quirinius" title="Census of Quirinius">Census of Quirinius</a></li>

<li><a href="Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Jesus' Birth</a></li>

<li><a href="Circumcision_of_Jesus" title="Circumcision of Jesus">Circumcision</a> and <a href="Presentation_of_Jesus_at_the_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Presentation of Jesus at the Temple">Presentation at the Temple</a></li>

<li><a href="Finding_in_the_Temple" title="Finding in the Temple">Finding in the Temple</a></li>

<li><a href="Genealogy_of_Jesus" title="Genealogy of Jesus">Genealogy</a></li>

<li><a href="Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li>

<li><a href="Temptation_of_Christ" title="Temptation of Christ">Temptation</a></li>

<li><a href="Calling_of_Matthew" title="Calling of Matthew">Calling of Matthew</a></li>

<li><a href="Counting_the_cost" title="Counting the cost">Counting the cost</a></li>

<li><a href="Sermon_on_the_Plain" title="Sermon on the Plain">Sermon on the Plain</a>

<ul><li><a href="Beatitudes" title="Beatitudes">Beatitudes</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Calming_the_storm" title="Calming the storm">Calming the storm</a></li>

<li><a href="Feeding_the_multitude" title="Feeding the multitude">Feeding the 5000</a></li>

<li><a href="Transfiguration_of_Jesus" title="Transfiguration of Jesus">Transfiguration</a></li>

<li><a href="Great_Commandment" title="Great Commandment">Great Commandment</a></li>

<li><a href="Lord's_Prayer" title="Lord's Prayer">Lord's Prayer</a></li>

<li><a href="Parable_of_the_Prodigal_Son" title="Parable of the Prodigal Son">Prodigal son</a></li>

<li><a href="Olivet_Discourse" title="Olivet Discourse">Olivet Discourse</a></li>

<li><a href="Passion_of_Jesus" title="Passion of Jesus">Passion of Jesus</a></li>

<li><a href="Last_Supper" title="Last Supper">Last Supper</a></li>

<li><a href="Pilate's_court" title="Pilate's court">Pilate's court</a></li>

<li><a href="Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li>

<li><a href="Burial_of_Jesus" title="Burial of Jesus">Burial</a></li>

<li><a href="Empty_tomb" title="Empty tomb">Empty tomb</a></li>

<li><a href="Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li>

<li><a href="Ascension_of_Jesus" title="Ascension of Jesus">Ascension</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Phrases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Benedictus_(Song_of_Zechariah)" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedictus (Song of Zechariah)">Benedictus</a></li>

<li><a href="Fishers_of_men" title="Fishers of men">Fishers of men</a></li>

<li><a href="Magnificat" title="Magnificat">Magnificat</a></li>

<li><a href="New_Wine_into_Old_Wineskins" title="New Wine into Old Wineskins">New Wine into Old Wineskins</a></li>

<li><a href="Nunc_dimittis" title="Nunc dimittis">Nunc dimittis (Song of Simeon)</a></li>

<li><a href="Parable_of_the_Unjust_Steward" title="Parable of the Unjust Steward">Parable of the Unjust Steward</a></li>

<li><a href="Rich_man_and_Lazarus" title="Rich man and Lazarus">Rich man and Lazarus</a></li>

<li><a href="The_four_woes_of_Jesus" title="The four woes of Jesus">The four woes of Jesus</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Abijah" title="Abijah">Abijah</a></li>

<li><a href="Andrew_the_Apostle" title="Andrew the Apostle">Andrew</a></li>

<li><a href="Annas" title="Annas">Annas</a></li>

<li><a href="Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a></li>

<li><a href="Caiaphas" title="Caiaphas">Caiaphas</a></li>

<li><a href="David" title="David">David</a></li>

<li><a href="Elisha" title="Elisha">Elisha</a></li>

<li><a href="Elizabeth_(biblical_figure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth (biblical figure)">Elizabeth</a></li>

<li><a href="Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a></li>

<li><a href="Herod_Antipas" title="Herod Antipas">Herod Antipas</a></li>

<li><a href="Herod_the_Great" title="Herod the Great">Herod the Great</a></li>

<li><a href="Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus Christ</a></li>

<li><a href="John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a></li>

<li><a href="Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a></li>

<li><a href="Joseph_of_Arimathea" title="Joseph of Arimathea">Joseph of Arimathea</a></li>

<li><a href="Judas_Iscariot" title="Judas Iscariot">Judas Iscariot</a></li>

<li><a href="Rich_man_and_Lazarus" title="Rich man and Lazarus">Lazarus</a></li>

<li><a href="Lysanias" title="Lysanias">Lysanias</a></li>

<li><a href="Martha_of_Bethany" class="mw-redirect" title="Martha of Bethany">Martha</a></li>

<li><a href="Mary%2C_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary, mother of Jesus</a></li>

<li><a href="Mary_Magdalene" title="Mary Magdalene">Mary Magdalene</a></li>

<li><a href="Mary_of_Bethany" title="Mary of Bethany">Mary, sister of Martha</a></li>

<li><a href="Naaman" title="Naaman">Naaman</a></li>

<li><a href="Philip_the_Apostle" title="Philip the Apostle">Philip (apostle)</a></li>

<li><a href="Philip_the_Tetrarch" title="Philip the Tetrarch">Philip (tetrarch)</a></li>

<li><a href="Pontius_Pilate" title="Pontius Pilate">Pontius Pilate</a></li>

<li><a href="Quirinius" title="Quirinius">Quirinius</a></li>

<li><a href="Simeon_(Gospel_of_Luke)" title="Simeon (Gospel of Luke)">Simeon</a></li>

<li><a href="Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Simon Peter</a></li>

<li><a href="Theophilus_(biblical)" title="Theophilus (biblical)">Theophilus</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">Thomas</a></li>

<li><a href="Tiberius_Caesar" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiberius Caesar">Tiberius Caesar</a></li>

<li><a href="Zebedee" title="Zebedee">Zebedee</a></li>

<li><a href="Zechariah_(New_Testament_figure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zechariah (New Testament figure)">Zechariah</a></li></ul>

<dl><dt>Groups</dt>

<dd><a href="Angel" title="Angel">Angels</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Pharisees" title="Pharisees">Pharisees</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Sadducees" title="Sadducees">Sadducees</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Sanhedrin" title="Sanhedrin">Sanhedrin</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Seventy_disciples" title="Seventy disciples">Seventy disciples</a></dd></dl>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Abilene_(biblical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Abilene (biblical)">Abilene</a></li>

<li><a href="Bethany_(biblical_village)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bethany (biblical village)">Bethany</a></li>

<li><a href="Bethsaida" title="Bethsaida">Bethsaida</a></li>

<li><a href="Capernaum" title="Capernaum">Capernaum</a></li>

<li><a href="Decapolis" title="Decapolis">Decapolis</a></li>

<li><a href="Emmaus" title="Emmaus">Emmaus</a></li>

<li><a href="Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a></li>

<li><a href="Iturea" title="Iturea">Iturea</a></li>

<li><a href="Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li>

<li><a href="Jordan_River" title="Jordan River">Jordan River</a></li>

<li><a href="Judea" title="Judea">Judea</a></li>

<li><a href="Samaria" title="Samaria">Samaria</a></li>

<li><a href="Sea_of_Galilee" title="Sea of Galilee">Sea of Galilee</a></li>

<li><a href="Trachonitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Trachonitis">Trachonitis</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Luke_the_Evangelist" title="Luke the Evangelist">Luke the Evangelist</a></li>

<li><a href="Authorship_of_Luke%E2%80%93Acts" title="Authorship of Luke–Acts">Authorship of Luke–Acts</a>

<ul><li><a href="Synoptic_Gospels" title="Synoptic Gospels">Synoptic Gospels</a></li>

<li><a href="Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Gospel of Mark</a></li>

<li><a href="Q_source" title="Q source">Q source</a></li>

<li><a href="Two-gospel_hypothesis" title="Two-gospel hypothesis">Two-gospel hypothesis</a></li>

<li><a href="Jerusalem_school_hypothesis" title="Jerusalem school hypothesis">Jerusalem school hypothesis</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Textual_variants_in_the_Gospel_of_Luke" title="Textual variants in the Gospel of Luke">Textual variants</a></li>

<li><a href="Gospel_of_Marcion" title="Gospel of Marcion">Gospel of Marcion</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Jiizas%3A_di_Buk_We_Luuk_Rait_bout_Im" title="Jiizas: di Buk We Luuk Rait bout Im">Jiizas: di Buk We Luuk Rait bout Im</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Adaptations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="St_Luke_Passion%2C_BWV_246" title="St Luke Passion, BWV 246"><i>St Luke Passion</i>, BWV 246</a> (1730)</li>

<li><a href="St_Luke_Passion_(Penderecki)" title="St Luke Passion (Penderecki)"><i>St Luke Passion</i></a> (Penderecki, 1966)</li>

<li><i><a href="Jesus_(1979_film)" title="Jesus (1979 film)">Jesus</a></i> (1979 film)</li>

<li><i><a href="Witness%3A_Five_Plays_from_the_Gospel_of_Luke" title="Witness: Five Plays from the Gospel of Luke">Witness: Five Plays from the Gospel of Luke</a></i> (2007, radio)</li>

<li><i><a href="The_Savior_(2014_film)" title="The Savior (2014 film)">The Savior</a></i> (2014 film)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manuscripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Papyrus_2" title="Papyrus 2">Papyrus 2</a></li>

<li><a href="Codex_Nitriensis" title="Codex Nitriensis">Codex Nitriensis</a></li>

<li><a href="Ohrid_Glagolitic_fragments" title="Ohrid Glagolitic fragments">Ohrid Glagolitic fragments</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/el:%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AC_%CE%9B%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BA%CE%AC%CE%BD" class="extiw external" title="wikisource:el:Κατά Λουκάν">Greek Text</a></li>

<li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/la:Biblia_Sacra_Vulgata_(Stuttgartensia)/Lucas" class="extiw external" title="wikisource:la:Biblia Sacra Vulgata (Stuttgartensia)/Lucas">Latin Vulgate</a></li>

<li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(Wycliffe)/Luke" class="extiw external" title="wikisource:Bible (Wycliffe)/Luke">Wycliffe Version</a></li>

<li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Luke" class="extiw external" title="wikisource:Bible (King James)/Luke">King James Version</a></li>

<li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Luke" class="extiw external" title="wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Luke">American Standard Version</a></li>

<li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(World_English)/Luke" class="extiw external" title="wikisource:Bible (World English)/Luke">World English Version</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Synoptic_problem175" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Synoptic_problem175" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Synoptic_problem" class="mw-redirect" title="Synoptic problem">Synoptic problem</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">The <a href="Synoptic_Gospels" title="Synoptic Gospels">Synoptic Gospels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Gospel of Matthew</a></li>

<li><a href="Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Gospel of Mark</a></li>

<li><a href="Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Gospel of Luke</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Matthaean_priority_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Matthaean priority (disambiguation)">Matthaean priority</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Two-gospel_hypothesis" title="Two-gospel hypothesis">Two-gospel hypothesis</a></li>

<li><a href="Augustinian_hypothesis" title="Augustinian hypothesis">Augustinian hypothesis</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Marcan_priority" title="Marcan priority">Marcan priority</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Two-source_hypothesis" title="Two-source hypothesis">Two-source hypothesis</a></li>

<li><a href="Farrer_hypothesis" title="Farrer hypothesis">Farrer hypothesis</a></li>

<li><a href="Three-source_hypothesis" title="Three-source hypothesis">Three-source hypothesis</a></li>

<li><a href="Matthean_Posteriority_hypothesis" title="Matthean Posteriority hypothesis">Matthean Posteriority hypothesis</a></li>

<li><a href="Four-document_hypothesis" title="Four-document hypothesis">Four-document hypothesis</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Lucan_priority" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucan priority">Lucan priority</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Jerusalem_school_hypothesis" title="Jerusalem school hypothesis">Jerusalem school hypothesis</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other or no priority</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Multi-source_hypothesis" title="Multi-source hypothesis">Multi-source hypothesis</a></li>

<li><a href="Hebrew_Gospel_hypothesis" title="Hebrew Gospel hypothesis">Hebrew Gospel hypothesis</a></li>

<li><a href="Priority_of_the_Gospel_of_Marcion" title="Priority of the Gospel of Marcion">Priority of the Gospel of Marcion</a></li>

<li><a href="Q%2B/Papias_hypothesis" title="Q+/Papias hypothesis">Q+/Papias hypothesis</a></li>

<li><a href="Independence_hypothesis" title="Independence hypothesis">Independence hypothesis</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Possible sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Q_source" title="Q source">Q source</a></li>

<li><a href="M_source" title="M source">M source</a></li>

</ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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